Ground-source heat pump system
Ground heat is collected from boreholes installed near tunnel portals or heat extractors installed in the base layer of the pavement in the tunnel.
Groundwater (water flowing into the tunnel) heat pump system
Groundwater heat (from water flowing into the tunnel)
- It is a relatively stable heat source, but it may run out in the future. (Drought countermeasures are necessary.)
- Due to the limited output, the available heat is limited.
- Secondary use is possible to prevent the freezing of firefighting water pipes.
Air source heat pump system
The supply of heat from air in a tunnel is stable because the tunnel air temperature is not much affected by changes in the air temperature outside the tunnel.
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